The relationship between United States and Israel and its effect on Research Paper

The relationship between United States and Israel and its effect on other Middle Eastern countries - Research Paper Example The liaison between Israel and the United States is one of the most unstable and contemplated relationships in world history. From the period since its establishment in 1948 to today, Israel has faced up to eight diverse American presidents, and eight different outlooks toward Israel as a state, how the U.S.-Israeli relationship should be dealt with, and the issue of Palestine and its people. The relationship between the United States and Israel in the past six decades can be segregated into two schools of thought: the â€Å"special relationship paradigm† and â€Å"national interest orientation† stated Professor Robert Lieber of Georgetown University, an expert on US-Israeli relations . The United States was the first country to recognize Israel as an independent State because at the time in 1948, and until today, the U.S. Government presumes that it shares certain common values and political aims. Under the special relationship paradigm, which forms the basis of U.S. s upport of Israel even today, the Truman Administration sensed that Israel, like the U.S., held a revolutionary fortitude, was compiled of a diverse societal symphony, and shared its democratic ideals. The national interest orientation transpired over time and included mutual aims such as extenuating the Arab-Israeli conflict, sustaining Western access to Middle Eastern Oil, the battle against Islamic Fundamentalism, and with Israel in place, the U.S. was assured continued influence in the Middle East. Definitely, the initial support of the U.S. for Israel was not all politically motivated rather they were initiated on the basis of moral, cultural, and religious sentimental grounds stemming from the mayhem committed in Europe during the Holocaust, which resulted in the major immigration of Jews to Jerusalem and the surrounding areas in the first place (Ben-Zvi 2009). The period from 1948-1957 forms the first phase in the history of U.S.-Israeli relationship. As stated before, the Uni ted States was the first nation to give de facto recognition to the State of Israel primarily on grounds of moral obligation and geo-strategic concerns. This unambiguous assertion of support gave birth to a lifetime relationship between the two countries. However, in these starting years, the United States’ faith in Israel was low, and they were not provided any assistance in monetary or military form. The primary reason of U.S. for making Israel its ally during this period was that in the midst of the Cold War, Israel stood alone as the solitary supporter of the West and discourager of communism in the Middle East. The Truman Administration called this approach an eccentricity of the modus operandi, or method of operation, of stemming Soviet influence in the

Article Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Analysis - Assignment Example Constructing Conceptions of Central Banking Historically Central Banks acted as both bankers and government’s bank. As a government banker, the Central Banks helped in debt management, development programs, currency evaluation and public finances. As a private bank, it facilitated in maintaining banking stability and payment robustness etc. The role of the central banks as a government banker shows its historical links with fiscal policies. Over time, the primary role of the central bank has been confined in framing monetary policies. Previously, Keynes considered Central Banks as organs of state and instrument of government policy. Central banks role was to maintain economic and financial stability, check states control over currency and manage public finances. Prices of goods and services were fixed under the Keynesian regime. Friedman and Hayek claimed that the central banks should only try to check the powers of governments by controlling the money supply of the economy an d framing monetary policies (Marsh, 1992). ... All the nations in the EMU under this regime decided to use Euro as their common currency. The ECB was supposed to formulate the monetary policies for all these nations. The central bank of Germany, Bundesbank has seemed to highly influence the policies set by the ECB. Germany’s strong authorities in the EMU have made other nations suspect the virtues of ECB’s policies towards the economic progress of the EMU. Under this regime the governments of all these nationals had no power to control the monetary supremacies of ECB (Kolb, 2005). Both Super Strong and Extraordinarily Weak The ECB did not make direct public debts purchases and imposed high constraints in public debt financing. The member states in the EMU were instructed to maintain their budgets in balance or in surplus. If the budget deficit of a nation increased by 3% of its GDP then that nation was penalized under the regime of Excessive Deficit Procedure. Rather no implicit bail outs were offered on the failed government projects. ECB started to act as inflation tighter, while the supreme powers of the Bundesbank made other nations of the EMU hostile. Rather lack of funds started to imbibe economic crisis in the EMU. ‘The same dress does not fit everyone’, the German policies and norms introduced by ECB were highly unsuitable for many nations in EMU. The price stability and structural changes made in the labour market made income distributions inequitable between the European nations and also reduced the domestic demands (Szapary, 2000). ECB Anti-growth Bias and Pre-crisis Performance The ECB’s antigrowth biased monetary policies following the Stability and Growth Policy is actually responsible