female circumcision Essay -- essays research papers

Female Circumcision Kadi is a four-year-old girl who will never be the same because of her disturbing cultural rituals. Kali wakes up and pleads to play with the other children but her mother does not allow her. Kadi grandmother holds her down to the bare earth as her mother begins to cut her clitoris with a razor. After the very unsafe procedure Kadi cries almost five hours with a dirty rag between her legs as an attempt to stop the bleeding and possible hemorrhaging. Most frequently the operations are performed by an old woman of the village sometimes know as the Gedda. Usually a woman performs the surgery but rarely does the mother do it. Before the surgery in certain communities there is a huge tribal dance and celebration. The music proceeds through the surgery in an attempt to bury the cries and screams of the victim. The operation is performed in diverse communities by different people and with a variety of tools. In more sophisticated communities, a qualified doctor performs the operation with sterilized tools. In the more uninformed societies, a traditional birth mother performs the operation using an assortment of tools ranging from knives and razors to jagged stones taken straight from the ground. Female circumcision is the fractional or complete removal of the external genitalia, varying from removal of the prepuce (hood) of the clitoris only, to full excision of the clitoris, labia minora and labia majora. There are three forms of female circumcision; the first is Clitoridectomy which is the removal of the prepuce of the clitoris; the second is Excision which is the removal of the prepuce, the clitoris and the labia minora ; the third Infibulations is the removal of the prepuce, the whole labiae minora and majora and stitching together the two sides of the vulva leaving a small orifice to permit the flow of urine and menstrual discharge. (p17 Koso) Because of poverty and lack of medical facilities, the procedure is frequently done under less than hygienic conditions, and often without anesthetic by other than medically trained personnel. Anesthesia is rarely used. Razor blades, knives or scissors are the most common instruments used. There are several problems that arise from circumcision immediately after the surgery there is immense pain then hemorrhaging, shock, urinary retention, infection, fever and even death. After a couple of wee... ...sadvantage them in finding husbands. If a woman is not desirable or marriage worthy then social and economic consequences will negatively affect the woman and her entire family. Since the practice holds such cultural and marital significance, it is increasingly recognized that to end the practice it is necessary to work strongly with local communities to educate and bring about awareness to the situation. In conclusion, the abolishment of female circumcision would be hard for the cultures that practice this procedure to comprehend as to why it should be abolished. I agree with the measure that some cultures that once practiced female circumcision are now taking in order stop the mutilation without taking away the belief that a woman should be a virgin when wedded. References Dorkenoo, Elsworth. Tradition Tradition. 1992 Forward Ltd. Report of the First Study Conference of Genital Mutilation of Girls in Europe/Western World. 1993. Koso-Thomas. O. The Circumcision of Women: A Strategy for Eradication. 1992. Scilla, E. Female Genital Mutilation: Proposal for Change. 1992. Toubia. N. Female Genital Mutilation. A Call for Global Action. 1993.

Free Essays - Sanity of Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet

Sanity of Hamlet Is he insane or isn't he? That is the question. What is the answer? Literary scholars have debated that question for over 400 years. Still people wonder. I, for one, don't think Hamlet is crazy at all. I feel that he is very depressed because of his father's death. But especially because of his mother's hasty marriage to his Uncle Claudius one month after his father's death. Hamlet is still in mourning, his mother should be also. He doesn't understand why she isn't in mourning. Upset by his mother unfaithfulness to his father, Hamlet scorns his mother saying, "frailty, thy name is woman" (I.2.46). In act I, we learn that his father's ghost has appeared to Horatio, Marcellus and Bernardo. Upon learning that, Hamlet goes with Horatio and Marcellus to speak with the spirit. Besides being depressed, I feel that he is acting like a madman to conceal his motive, revenge for his father's murder. Even though Hamlet barges into Ophelia's room and grabs her by the wrists, without saying a word, sighs and leaves, I believe it's an act to divert suspicion away from Hamlet's true purpose of wanting to kill Claudius, his father's murderer. Ophelia's father, Polonius, believes that Ophelia's rejection of Hamlet's desire has caused Hamlet to go insane. To prove his point, Polonius suggests that he and Claudius set up a meeting between Hamlet and Ophelia. I feel that Hamlet is acting strange towards Polonius. He is playing Polonius by telling him he's a fishmonger and acting like he doesn't know him, because Polonius is a weasel and would go back and tell the king. Hamlet might as well give Polonius something to talk about. Hamlet really seems to be sane when he asks the actors to perform a specific act in a play titled Mouse Trap. The scene will resemble the murder of King Hamlet. Young Hamlet expects that if the ghost is telling the truth about Claudius murdering him, then Claudius will react to the scene, admitting his guilt. Hamlet states "The plays the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King." (II.2.581-82). In my opinion, anyone who can plot that, and thing that far ahead, needs to have a clear head. Free Essays - Sanity of Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Sanity of Hamlet Is he insane or isn't he? That is the question. What is the answer? Literary scholars have debated that question for over 400 years. Still people wonder. I, for one, don't think Hamlet is crazy at all. I feel that he is very depressed because of his father's death. But especially because of his mother's hasty marriage to his Uncle Claudius one month after his father's death. Hamlet is still in mourning, his mother should be also. He doesn't understand why she isn't in mourning. Upset by his mother unfaithfulness to his father, Hamlet scorns his mother saying, "frailty, thy name is woman" (I.2.46). In act I, we learn that his father's ghost has appeared to Horatio, Marcellus and Bernardo. Upon learning that, Hamlet goes with Horatio and Marcellus to speak with the spirit. Besides being depressed, I feel that he is acting like a madman to conceal his motive, revenge for his father's murder. Even though Hamlet barges into Ophelia's room and grabs her by the wrists, without saying a word, sighs and leaves, I believe it's an act to divert suspicion away from Hamlet's true purpose of wanting to kill Claudius, his father's murderer. Ophelia's father, Polonius, believes that Ophelia's rejection of Hamlet's desire has caused Hamlet to go insane. To prove his point, Polonius suggests that he and Claudius set up a meeting between Hamlet and Ophelia. I feel that Hamlet is acting strange towards Polonius. He is playing Polonius by telling him he's a fishmonger and acting like he doesn't know him, because Polonius is a weasel and would go back and tell the king. Hamlet might as well give Polonius something to talk about. Hamlet really seems to be sane when he asks the actors to perform a specific act in a play titled Mouse Trap. The scene will resemble the murder of King Hamlet. Young Hamlet expects that if the ghost is telling the truth about Claudius murdering him, then Claudius will react to the scene, admitting his guilt. Hamlet states "The plays the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King." (II.2.581-82). In my opinion, anyone who can plot that, and thing that far ahead, needs to have a clear head.

An audience’s responce to Hedda gabler Essay

Hedda Gabler is a dramatic, exciting, confusing and at times unpleasant character, who is frustrated by a lack a freedom where she cannot be the wild and unstable free spirit that she wishes and this shines through throughout the play. From this frustration comes immense boredom which is in her case very deadly. She embodies some of the typical Aristotelian qualities of a tragic protagonist but Ibsen has put a strange twist on it. For example she is a woman of fortune. It has been made clear in the book that she was born into this high class lifestyle and has this fortune by no endeavour of her own. Therefore, by being placed at the top of the hierarchy, she has further to fall and there is more at risk than the average person. However, she is not really someone that people can identify or can have sympathy for, as neither generous nor courageous. Also, as is common her fatal flaw is her snobbery or pride. However, Aristotle’s notion of hamarita states that it is a ‘ matter of action’ not the character themselves. I don’t believe this applies her and agree with the 20th century interpretation. This is not brought about by the unfortunate circumstances more than the character themselves. This applies very much to Hedda as her ‘conflicted individual moral psychology which brings about the opposite of what the character intends’. The Norwegian playwright, Henrik Ibsen was very specific about the time when he set Hedda Gabler. The late 19th century was a time where woman were secluded and deluded into an oppressive and subjugate lifestyle. Ibsen puts Hedda in this male dominated were she challenges the conventional middle class bourgeois housewife by acting in a dictating and manly way witch were to shock the 19th century audience at this truly outrageous and outspoken character. The audience can therefore not identify with Hedda because in more ways than one she brings about her own demise. The local newspapers and media were disgraced; such as the daily telegraph which said ‘What a horrible story! What a hideous play! †¦ The play is simply a bad escape of moral sewage-gas’ Describing Hedda’s feelings as ‘the foulest passions in humanity’. This shows that the most tragic thing to me is that there are people her in this world. The play is started off with the stage layout, witch Ibsen perceptibly and carefully layout, giving a very bourgeois atmosphere each object has a lot of meaning to show the tragic nature of the play and Hedda. For example there are a lot of dark and dull colours hinting to things; such as saying ‘autumn colours’. Ibsen is using pathetic fallacy to show Hedda’s state of mind. Autumn is a time were everything around us is dying, dead leaves on the floor and animals hibernating. A time were there seems to be a deafening silence in the air following the summer which is usually buzzing with life. This could mean that maybe Hedda has passed the summer time in her life. A time when she was herself bloom perhaps and a time when she was also buzzing with colourful life. It is mentioned that Hedda used to go to parties and be a socialite. Then we see her state of mind at the present which is autumn. This already sets the scene of this play as pessimistic and cold. This is unusual for Ibsen’s targeted audience as they were used to cheerful and uplifting entertainment. Something to bewitch them into thinking their lifestyle was perfect as it was, which Hedda Gabler does not do in the slightest. Another thing that might have stunned the audience is Hedda’s awkwardness towards Miss Tesman and Mrs Elvsted. At a time were woman only socialized with woman it is interesting to see how she treats her fellow females in such a horrible manner. This is shown towards the beginning of Act1 were she call’s Miss Tesman’s hat to be servants hat. As Miss Tesman is Mr Tesman’s mother figure she should also traditionally be Hedda’s too, so by disrespecting like that would cause the audience to empathise with Miss Tesman and detest Hedda and her behaviour. Hedda also has a very unusual characteristics she presented by Ibsen in a very masculine way. By doing this she is emasculating George Tesman. To begin with he does this himself with Mrs Tesman, the keyword for the first is claustrophobic for Hedda; witch, with me, causes some sympathy for Hedda. With a combination of the childish nicknames (like Georgie and aunty juju) and the dreaded flowers make it as much cringe worthy to the audience as it was to Hedda, which is shown when they leave when The most prominent way that this is done is through the pistols, General Gabler’s pistols.

Case Study – Nike: Spreading Out to Stay Together

Case Study: Amazon: Nike: Spreading Out to Stay Together Nike, Inc. is an American  multinational corporation  that is engaged in the design, development and worldwide marketing and selling of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories and services. The company is headquartered near  Beaverton, Oregon, in the  Portland metropolitan area. It is the world's leading supplier of  athletic shoes  and  apparel  and a major manufacturer of  sports equipment, with revenue in excess of US$24. 1  billion in its fiscal year 2012 (ending May 31, 2012). As of 2012, it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide. The brand alone is valued at $10. Billion making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses. Nike and  Precision Castparts  are the only  Fortune 500  companies headquartered in the state of Oregon, according to  The Oregonian. The company was founded on January 25, 1964 as  Blue Ribbon Sports  by  Bill Bowerman  and  Phil Knight,  and offic ially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1978. The company takes its name from  Nike  the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro,  Nike+,  Air Jordan,  Nike Skateboarding, and subsidiaries including  Cole Haan,  Hurley International,  Umbro  and  Converse.Nike also owned Bauer Hockey (later renamed  Nike Bauer) between 1995 and 2008. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of â€Å"Just Do It† and the  Swooshlogo. Discussion Questions: 1. When Nike CEO Phil Knight stepped down and handed his job to Bill Perez, he stayed on as chairman of the board. In what ways could Knight’s continued presence on the board have created an informal structure that prevented Perez from achieving full and complete leaders hip of Nike?Answer: Informal structures are the shadow organization that represents the actual working and communication relationships that may not resemble the formal organizational chart. When knight remained on the board, old communication relationships may have survived his departure from the CEO position, cutting Perez off from valuable information. Knight’s access to the informal communication network may have worked to spread rumors to Knight and back down the communication chain. These rumors may have contained inaccurate information, caused resistance to change and distracted members from their work.This may have reinforced Perez’s position as an outsider. 2. How can Nike utilize both traditional and newer organization structures to support the firm’s heavy strategic commitment to outsourcing? Answer: Network structures use information technology (IT) to link with networks of outside suppliers and service contractors. This outlines Nike’s efforts to outsource many nonexecutive responsibilities to reduce overhead. In addition to outsourcing production, the research and marketing business centers listed in the case could be part of a network structure.Other functions may include design, advertising, licensing, compliance sports and entertainment marketing. 3. Given the problems Nike has had with sweatshop labour being used in some of its foreign contractors, are there subsystems of the firm that need to be run with a mechanistic rather than organic design? Give examples to support your answer. Answers: Mechanistic designs are highly centralized and bureaucratic with an emphasis on command and control. This might suggest that mechanistic designs are appropriate for manufacturing in foreign countries.Organic designs are adaptive, decentralized and tend to respond to change more quickly. This would probably be a good fit for an organization that has far flung operations in different countries with different cultures that try to respond to rapidly changing technology, fashion, customer demands and economic conditions. Nike’s manufacturing subsystem should be run with mechanistic rather than organic so as to protect the image brand and its original designs. The design should be utmost unique and further differentiated, not conforming to culture.Design is could be one competitive advantage so it is important that the manufacturing of the products are conformed to the original ideas of the maker, uninfluenced by any other factors involved in its manufacturing process. Example of this idea is the use of differentiation strategy of companies to gain competitive advantage. 4. Further Research—Gather information on Nike’s recent moves and accomplishments, and those of its rival Adidas. Are both firms following the same strategies and using the same structures to support them? Or, is one doing something quite different from the other?Based on what you learn, what do you predict for the future? Will Nike stay on top, or is Adidas the next industry leader? The advertising strategy differs from company to company. Generally, Nike believes in spending 5-7% of its revenues in advertising and endorsement. Nike has planned to spend $4. 2 Billion until 2014 for endorsements alone. With the huge size of Nike, it is tough for other companies to allocate a big amount for their marketing expenses. Moreover, Nike has always an edge when it comes to advertising and marketing. The table below shows the advertising strategy for the major players in the industry.Company| Strategy| Nike| * Endorsing Athletes * Sponsoring Sports events * City based advertisements * Banners ; Billboards * Themes on bringing inspiration and innovation to every athlete in world| Adidas, Reebok| * Sponsoring Sports events * Endorsing Athletes * Themes on improving performance of every athlete in the world | Puma| * Mixing influence of sports, lifestyle ; fashion * Puma concept retail stores * Puma fashion shows * New stuff advertising campaigns * Building seasonal momentum during holiday seasons| Other companies| * Minimal or less advertising based on stores|Nike has invested a lot so far in developing a premium brand that implies high quality and care for the customer. Nike has a wide range of products ranging from athletics to life style and also in different price ranges. Therefore, it is always a challenge to fight against brand dilution within Nike. The following gives an idea of the customer’s perception of the brands. Company| Branding message and strategy| Nike| Athletic, Influential, Outgoing, Aggressive, hi tech, futuristic, retro cool American way of living Associated with Athletes at top of their sportTo bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in world| Adidas, Reebok| Clear, orderly, Practical, hi tech, Sophisticated, Sincere Conservative European style To improve performance of every athlete in the world Associated with elite soccer players/teams, NBA stars, Hip hop artists| Puma| Elegant, colorful, fresh, spontaneous, individual, metropolitan, international Mixing influence of sports, lifestyle ; fashion Fashion brand, performance ; casual footwear, fringe, extreme sports| Other companies| Based on their product lines. Generally not a strong brand message|In general, Nike’s shoes are associated to be of high quality and stylish. Reebok’s are comfortable and casual, and the Adidas brand boasts superior performance and is â€Å"perceived as a professional, technically orientated brand with strong European roots. Nike fields some of the best in class technological practices and has a few patents to its credit. Nike emphasizes on these and has developed a lot of new products with use of high technology and sophistication. An example of that is the microprocessor shoe to give great experience and comfort to the customer.However, Adidas is also working on high tech innovations to provide high quality shoes. Lately, Adidas and Nike have been doing entertainment based marketing campaign by forming alliances with technology/entertainment companies. Nike had an alliance with Apple to sell Nike shoes with Apple iPods while Adidas tied up with Microsoft to sell Adidas goods with Microsoft Xbox gaming systems. So far the success of these alliances is yet to be quantified. Nike follows a 100% outsourcing strategy. Most competitors follow the outsourcing strategy.Exceptions to this are New Balance and other smaller players. New Balance claims that 75% of its production is from the US and other small companies produce in the US as well. In general, Nike might still be the industry leader if it compensates its weaknesses in organizational structures with different strategies such as focusing on innovation and development, following differentiation and pricing-based strategies, and investing on sustainability research. References: http://www. nike. com/ph http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. http://www. scribd . com/doc/91701683/Case-Study

Gym Survey

RHUL FITNESS SUITE SURVEY This is a survey, which aims at measuring the customer satisfaction and the current perception of the RHUL Gym. Please be aware that all data is completely anonymous and will not be shared with third parties, nor will you be contacted further. This will take only 2-3 minutes to fill in and will help us with our final year Marketing Research Project. Thank you very much for participating 1. Are you a member of the RHUL Gym? Yes/No 2. If no, why not? (If you are a member please select the N/A option) * I don’t do sports I visit another gym * I do an alternative type of sport * The RHUL gym doesn’t provide the equipment I need * I can’t afford it * Other:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. * N/A 3. If yes, how many times a week do you visit the gym on average? (Please circle the number that applies to you) 0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 4. How long have you been a member? – Less than 6 months – 1 year – 2 years – 3 years 5. What kind of membership do you have? – Early Riser (access to Gym and Classes until 15:00pm) – Gold (unlimited access to the gym and classes) – Pay as you go (individual ? payment for every visit) 6. What are your main goals in sport/as a member of the RHUL gym? * To keep fit and healthy * Bulk up * Aid training in other sports * To loose weight * Relax/Relieve Stress * Health reasons, such as rehabilitation etc. * Other (please specify):†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7. What do you mainly use in the gym? * Aerobic Equipment * Cardio Equipment * Weights Room * Classes * Anything, depending on my mood 8. Can you please rate how you feel about the following factors related to the Gym (1 Not satisfied at all – 10 Completely Satisfied)Not Satistied at all Completely Satisfied – Available equipment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Available space 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Changing Rooms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Showers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gym Instruction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Customer Service 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Classes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Opening hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -RHUL SPORT Website 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Accessibility 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Price 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Products on offer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9. Please finish the following sentences: – What I like most about the RHUL gym is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. – What I like least about the RHUL gym is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. – The RHUL gym needs more†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10. How did you hear about the RHUL Gym? – Word-of-mouth recommendation Facebook – RHUL Website – Freshers’ Fare – Leaflets – Promoters – Other (please specify )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11. What year are you in? * First * Second * Third * Fourth * Postgraduate 12. Which department do you belong to? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13. What is your gender? * Male * Female * 14. What is your accommodation status? * Halls * Private Housing 15. Please share any additional comments about the RHUL Fitness Suite How likely are you to recommend the RHUL Gym to your friends? * Extremely Likely * Very Likely * Moderately Likely * Slightly likely * Not at all likely

Exercises Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exercises - Research Paper Example This gives the appearance that I am not in my room. I love my colleagues, but they often distract me with gossip and stories about their personal lives. I do not want to visit during my planning period. Each day I try to make concrete lesson plans for the next several days. I then review these plans and make adjustments at the end of each day. I never take lesson planning home with me. There is something about being in my classroom that actually helps me to visualize what will happen (or what is supposed to happen) with each lesson. Conversely, I never grade at school. Grading is kept for the end of the day. I actually find it relaxing in some ways. I will often put on soft background music and pour myself something refreshing to drink. Scoring writing does take more of my concentration. I usually will sit in my kitchen in silence to do this sort of grading. Everything else is done at a lap desk curled-up on the couch. Grading is usually the last chore I do before going to bed. I same all of my documents directly to the hard drive of my computer. I rarely back them up because my computer is synchronized with the servers at school each day. I probably should have my own personal back up on a thumb drive of some sort. This would be a good practice because the tech personnel at my school are not really all that good a retrieving lost information. I know some teachers that have lost hundreds of documents and have never gotten them back because a server malfunctioned. I think I’ll start using a thumb drive tomorrow. After viewing the video and reading the documents, I can see that I have good time management skills but there is room for improvement. I have a very good schedule for accomplishing all of the tasks required of a teacher, but I sometimes lack focus on those tasks. I do not group like tasks together very well. For example, I answer e-mails as they arrive in my mailbox all day long. This is not a good

Law Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Enforcement - Essay Example There were no payments or training done to these â€Å"drafted† officers. Under these circumstances, the system lacked motivation and eventually lost focus towards administering the very important duty enforcing the law. As a result, policing became more of a reactive event. As the momentum of industrialisation and urbanization increased, new challenges with increased crime forced a radical shift in community policing, thus the beginning of struggles to professionalize the police force with more proactive measures to law enforcement. The 1800’s witnessed the adoption of new technologies with better response times and faster communications. At the dawn of the 20th century, law enforcement had attached within its system more advanced methodological dynamics that incorporated the cooperation of the police agencies with the communities that characterize more of a service attitude never experienced at the beginning. Indeed, police agencies in the United States have evolved to become a highly organized group that strives not only to prevent crime but also serves to preserve citizen’s rights and adhere at all times to maintain professionalism. Under their colonial masters, the police system was in the hands of the sheriff, the constable and the watch. Appointed by the Governor of the colony, county sheriff was the most important law enforcement officer especially in the rural set ups that characterized many areas then. This officer was paid in terms of tasks performed. His duties included collecting taxes, apprehending criminals, appearing in court proceedings and serving subpoenas. Much of their duties concentrated in collecting taxes and so apprehending criminals oftentimes fell in the periphery. In cities, constables and night watch performed more or less the same tasks but with added responsibilities such as reporting fires and eliminating health hazards. As stated above, the activities of these officers were reactive in